John ames



(No Model.) 2 Sheets-Sheet 1,. J. AMES, Jr.

BRUSH No. 349,296. Patented Sept. 21., 1886.

' INVENTOR I Jfiim .Am s Jr WITNESSES N. PETERS. Phclo-Lnnngraphur,wnhin tcn. D4 c 2 Sheets-Sheet 2.

(Np Model.)

J. AMES, Jr.

BRUSH.

No. 349,296. Patented Sept, 21, 1886;

WITNESSES INVENTOR fin dimes 4. W By 711's .flttor ys U ITED STAT SPATENT OFFIcE.

JOHN AMES, JR, OFTOLEDO, OHIO, nssienon OF ONE-HALF To 30mm 0. BONNER,or SAME PLACE.

BRUSH.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 349,296, datedSeptember 21, 1886.

Application filed December 16, 1885. Serial No. 185,848. (No model.)

1 which the following is a specification, reference being had to theaccompanying drawings.

As is well known, there are two distinctspecies of brushes manufacturedfor different uses, and made upon diflerent plans, to wit:

One is known as set work, in which the material of the brush proper iseither laid on and around a bI'llSl1-1l6ELtl, which is usually, but notalways, circular, and then is secured in place by means of cords orwires wound around it, or else is stuck into holes in the head and heldthere by means of pitch or other adhesive substance. ]?aint brushes,whitewash brushes, feather dustcrs, &c., are examples of this species ofbrushes. Ordinary brooms are also made on this general plan. Sometimesthese set-work brushes, in addition to having the brush materials stuckinto holes in the brushhead, are also wound or clamped around theoutside, to aid in holding them in place, and to somewhat compact themand keep them from getting misshapen in using. In artists brushes ametallic thimble or holder is employed. In the manufacture of theseset-work brushes the brush-heads are not usually or preferably boredentirely through for setting in the brushing materials, because it isnot necessary or desirable. In some cases the brush-heads have beengiven what may be termed a steppedcone form to facilitate laying on thebrushing materials in different layers of different lengths of stock. Agood example of such form of brush-head is shown in UnitedStates patentof D. \V. Lapham, No. 120, 523, of October 31, 1871. Again, steppedbrush-heads have been made, not conical, with annular ledges tofaeilitate boring the holes in the heads for setting in the brushingmaterials. A good example of such form of bruslrhead is shown in thepatent of G. M. Richmond, No. 227,837, of May 18,1880. The other speciesof brushes is known as drawn work, and is made in an entirely differentway for different uses, and usually by different manufacturers. Drawnwork is that in which a brush-block is used which isboredentirely'through to receive the brushing materials, (bristles) and.these materials are bent and doubled in the middle, then drawn into theholes by means of wires or cords, that extend out through the holes atthe bottom or back part of the block, and are there fastened, the wiresor cords being the means for drawing in and securing in place thebrushing-materials. Thus it will be perceived there are two distinctarts of bruslrmaking.

My invention relates exclusively to impiovcments in drawn work.

Heretofore in making drawn work the usual method, or the latest one 11ow generally in vogue, is as follows: A brush-block is formed eitherfiat or convex on its upper surface, and the holes bored through it inrows. Then the bristles or brushing materials are drawn in and securedby wires or cords at the back of the block, as above explained. Thisblock is then fastened to a back, which is provided with a handle,either by means of screws or adhesive substance.

In the drawings, Figures 1 and 2 serve to illustrate these two varietiesof manufacture ofdrawnwork brushes. Now, the objection to these brushesthus made is that in both the bristlesor stock used are of the samelength in a given brush, and the brushes are more costly for that andother reasons than they should be. In flat brush-blocks, as shown inFig. 1, where the faces of the brushes are also fiat when finished, itis obvious that the bristles must be of about the same length, the onlydifference being the very slight one which might come from a differentinclination of the different tufts of bristles in the same brush; but,practically,

where flat-surfaced brush-blocks have been used, the holes have beenbored and the bristles inserted substantially at right angles to theflat surface, the outer rows perhaps inclining outwarda very little.This, however, does not make any appreciable difference in the length ofstock employed in different parts of the same brushin fact, does notmake any difference at all in economy of manufacture, because for suchslight variations of lengths of bristles it does not pay to select, andis not practicable to employ,assortments of different lengths of stock,as it is furnished commercially at varying prices, due to varyinglengths.

Where convex-surfaced brush-blocks have been used, all the holes havegenerally been bored and the bristles inserted at an incline, orradially, as shown in Fig. 2, so as to be of substantially the samelengths in all parts of a given brush. The object of using and the onlyresult of using a centrally-raised brushblock heretofore has been to geta brush with its face or brushing surface of convex form, like itsbrush-block.

It is the object of my improvements to provide for the use of shortstock, which is much cheaper, in the central part of the brush, toreduce the cost, and improve the make-up of this entire class ofdrawn-work brushes.

It will be perceived from the foregoing that one of the results I seekand accomplish-that of making a drawn-work brush with its central stockof a different length commercially and practically and of materiallydifferent cost-is not reached in either a flat-surfaced or aconvex-surfaced brush-block as hcretofore employed in drawn workbrushes. I never use a flat-faced bruslrblock. Vhether I make aflat-faced or a convex or rounded faced brush, I always employ abrush-block raised in the center and flat around its margin, the raisedcentral portion never beginning at the edges of the block, however, asheretofore, but always commencing, whatever be the conformation of itssurface, at a sufficient distance from the edges to leave a flat marginwider than that required to receive the outer row of bristles. Thisenables me to employ shorter stock in the center than at the margin ofthe brush, as I will explain in detail.

In the drawings, Figs. 1 and 2 are cross-sections of brushes asheretofore made and put upon the market. The other following figuresillustrate my improvements, Fig. 3 being a perspective view of a brushembodying my improvements. Fig. 4 is a view of the back of a brush inprocess of being united to the brushblockwhieh carriesthebristles.Fig.5isacrosssection of Fig. 3, and Fi 6 is a cross-section of Fig. 4-.Fig. 7 is a cross-section of a brushblock, of which the raised centralportion, i11- stead of being curved on its face, is stepped. Fig. 8 is asimilar crosssection, of which the raised central port ion ot'thebrush-block is convex or curved on its face.

Referring to the letters upon the drawings, Figs. 3 to S, inclusive, Aindicates in Fig. 4 a brush-back before it is shaped, the dotted linesindicating how it is finished to form a handle after being united bymeans of clamps B to the brush-block 0. (Shown in section in Figs. 7 and8.) By reference to Figs. 7 and 8 it will be seen that the brush-blockis provided with a flat margin, D, all around it, and that it has araised inner or central portion, E, in Fig. 7, and 1D in Fig. 8,beginning at the inner limit of the flat margin, and is concave on theback side. The obj ectofcoustructing a brush-block in this manner andthe advantages of such a construction I will now point out. The flatmargin D is made for two purposes:

First. To enable the brush-block, after the bristles have been securedto place init, in the usual manner, to be clamped tightly all around tothe brush-back, and the parts caused to firmly adhere together by meansof glue or other suitable cementing or adhesive substance. By this meansa very tight joint is secured, as in the best cabinetwork,which,'\vhenthe brush is finished, is generally entirely or almost imperceptible.lleretofore brush-blocks with raised or convex surfaces have not beenconstructed withsuch a flat margin to enable these parts to be unitedeconomically and advantageously in this manner; but the convexity orcurvature has begun at; the outer edges of the brush-block all around.Thcresult has been that clamps, when used, would indentand deface thework; hence resort has been had to screws, which are costly andunsightly, and do not make a tight and invisible joint between the blockand back. The clamps pressed against the outer bristles and injuredthem; and, again, they could seldom be prevented from slipping off, andwith brush blocks of much convexity they could not be used at all, andscrews had to be employed.

Second. Besides these advantages of the flat margin around thebrush-block, there is another material one relating to the insertion ofthe outer rowofbristles. lferetofore with convex or curved facebrush-blocks it has been necessary to bore all the holes for thebristles substantiallyin a radial relation to the curved surface, inorder to avoid the slipping of the bit-point and the production ofirregular rows of holes, which, if only slightly percept iblein theblock itself, would be very numil'est upon observing the outer ends ofthe bristles of the finished brush. By boring the holes radially allover the convex surface, including thcholes for the outer row ofbristles, regular rows and evenly-finished work could be produced. Iliyreason of having the margin around the edge of my raised-facebrush-block I can bore the first row of holes near theangle formed bythe marginal surface and beginning of the raised surface at a lessinclination than the outer inclination of the adjacent or second radialrow of holes, as well as all the other rows out of which the bristlesproject radially from the convex raised central portion. This is wellshown in the section, Fig. 8, where it will be observed that thedistance between the bottoms of the bristles of the first and secondrows is greater than the distance between the bottoms of the bristlesofthc interior rows. Now, on this account the bristles used in the outerrow, being so much less inclined than the others, are in better positionfor use, and the appearance of the brush is greatly improved.

In some cases I make my flat-margi ned brushblock of stepped form in itscentral raised portion. This is when I desire to make certain kinds ofbrushes in which the rows of bristles are substantially perpendicular tothe brush and parallel to one another. Ordinary clothbrushes,shoe-brushes, &c., are examples of this species of brushes. In formingthese stepped surfaces upon the raised central por- IiO tions of thebrush-blocks I do not wish to be understood as limiting myself to stepsthat are strictly right-angularin their vertical and hori-- zontalsurfaces; but some slight variation from the right-angular relation ofthese surfaces may be made in some instances. The advantages of thisstepped form are, that I can use brushstock of materially differentlengths, and thus attain an important economy in the manufacture ofdrawn-work brushes in this way. Besides this, the stepped formfacilitates the boring in the direction Vertical to the body of thebrush, which is not convenient upon a convexed surface for the reasonalready statedt0 wit, that the points of the bit in boring such asurface, unless the direction be radial to it, are liable to slip andresult in uneven and irregular work. It will be obvious that by thismethod of making drawn-work brushes, in which the rows of bristles aresubstantially perpendicular and parallel to each other, what is known inthe trade as a solid brush can be very successfully made with greateconomy. I

Of course I do not claim, broadly, a stepped surface, but believe I amthe first to apply such 2 5 a surface to use in making drawn work in themanner above set forth.

Having thus described my improvements, what I claim to be new, anddesire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, is 0 1. As animprovement in the manufacture of brushes, a brush-block provided with afiat margin, D, and a raised central portion, substantially as and forthe purposes set forth.

, 2. As an improvement in the manufacture 5 of brushes, a brush-blockprovided with a flat margin, D,and a raised central portion stepped asdescribed, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto sub- 40 scribed my name.

JOHN AMES, JR.

\Vitnesses:

J 0s. 0. BONNER, .T. A. Cause.

